Lang Son Geopark, a region steeped in cultural heritage, is a living testament to the evolution of human civilization. The Bac Son Limestone Massif, one of the few places in Vietnam where ancient people settled early and continuously, has been a cradle of life since 500,000 years ago. Excavations have unearthed teeth of ancient humans (Homo erectus) and giant apes (Gigantopithecus) as well as bones of contemporary wild animals, suggesting a rare co-existence between these early creatures.

The Lang Son Homo erectus is believed to provide an important link in the evolution and migration of Homo erectus, which consolidates evidence of the cradle of prehistoric man in East and Southeast Asia. Teeth and bones of Homo sapiens have also been found in nearby caves, indicating the continuous presence of human settlement in this region.

The Bac Son Culture (12,000-5,000 years ago), unique to the Bac Son Limestone Massif, is a testament to the region’s rich history. This culture is characterized by blade-sharpened axes and the “Bac Son seal”, unique artifacts that provide a glimpse the lives of the people during this period. About 100 locations containing relics of this culture have been found in Northeast Vietnam, among which nearly three-fourth were found in and around the Bac Son Limestone Massif, demonstrating the special role of the Geopark in this archaeological culture.

Following the Bac Son Culture, the Mai Pha culture marks a significant transition of humans caves to open spaces. Flourishing around 4,000 years ago, this culture is a testament to our ancestors’ ingenuity. The people of Mai Pha were not just skilled farmers, but also remarkable artisans. They crafted intricate ceramics, which were not just functional items, but also artistic expressions reflecting their aesthetics and beliefs.

These archaeological sites bear witness to the continuous human occupation in the Geopark, which continued historic times. This land, with its intermediate and transitional position, also witnesses unique exchanges and interactions between different cultures. The continuous discovery of new archaeological sites and artifacts in this region provides valuable insights the evolution of human civilization in this part of the world.